by admin | Aug 24, 2022 | Blog
Firstly you need to understand that phycocyanin and phycoerythrin both are photosynthetic pigments, which do have blue and red colors, respectively, and its found in microalgae, cyanobacteria, rhodophytes and cryptomonads.
Their main uses are as food supplements, as natural colouring agents in cosmetics and food, and as a reagent in immunological assays.
However, their low yield during production and restricted chemical instability provide the biggest obstacles to their commercialization and adoption in food and cosmetic applications.
Whats microalgae
A broad group of aquatic microorganisms that can live in a wide range of environments, pH levels,
and temperatures are known as microalgae. Their growth requirements are straightforward, and they efficiently utilise light, carbon dioxide (CO2), and other inorganic nutrients.
To make your concepts clear regarding this read this box below.
| Phycocyanin | Phycoerythrin |
| Along with allophycocyanin and phycoerythrin, phycocyanin is a pigment-protein complex that belongs to the phycobiliprotein family, which captures light. | Red algae include phycoerythrin (PE), a red protein-pigment complex from the family of phycobiliproteins that captures light and cryptophytes |
| Thus, it is a matching colour to chlorophyll. | Additive to the primary chlorophyll pigments needed for photosynthesis |
| Also, phycocyanin absorbs orange and red light, especially near 620 nm, and has a distinctive light blue colour. | Also, the prosthetic group phycoerythrobilin is what gives phycoerythrin its red colour. |
| Blue-green algae, often known as cyanobacteria, contain phycocyanins. | Hence, It is made up of phycobilins, a protein component that covalently binds chromophores like all phycobiliproteins do. |
| Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and spirulina produce the substance phycocyanin, | Infact, Phycoerythrins are made up of monomers that are often arranged into disk-shaped trimers or hexamers. |
In addition, Chlorophyll a and PBP, the two primary photosynthetic pigments, enable cyanobacteria to produce large amounts of organic material and with great photosynthetic efficiency.
However, PBP absorbs light energy at a wavelength of 450–660 nm, whereas chlorophyll does so at a wavelength of 430–680 nm.
Hence, the cyanobacteria's light-harvesting mechanism is greatly influence by the kind and intensity of the light, which has an impact on the accumulation of different photosynthetic pigments.
Strategies to improve pigment stability
Also adding additives is the most effective and straightforward technique to increase the stability of phycobiliproteins.
The majority of research has been on using chemicals to increase their heat stability.
Then this stabilising technique is simple to use and doesn't call for expensive or specialised equipment. However, because significant volumes of chemicals may be require, low toxicity additives must be employ.
What purpose does phycocyanin serve in cyanobacteria
So In addition, an old class of photosynthetic prokaryotes known as cyanobacteriums is regarded to be the first species to perform oxygenic photosynthesis. But only cyanobacteria employ phycocyanin (PC) to absorb light energy for photosynthesis.
Spirulina: Does it include phycocyanin?
So phycocyanin is a pigment in spirulina and it is an intensely blue protein-pigment complex that belongs to the phycobiliprotein (PBP) family. The phycobilisome (PBS), a supplementary peripheral light-harvesting complex assemble on the surface of the thylacoid membrane, is built by PBPs.
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by admin | Aug 10, 2022 | Blog
Phycocyanin is a pigment in spirulina. Regarding phycocyanin content in spirulina is an intensely blue protein-pigment complex that belongs to the phycobiliprotein (PBP) family. PBPs construct the phycobilisome (PBS), a peripheral auxiliary light-harvesting complex that is put together on the surface of the thylacoid membrane.
Quantity of Phycocyanobilin
Firstly, Phycocyanin is one of the ingredients that could be use. Around 15 to 25 percent of the dry weight of Spirulina platensis' biomass is made of Phycocyanobilin.
Secondly, One of the pigments made by spirulina is phycocyanin. Phycocyanobilin can be see in liquid phase as a mixture of various complexes, including monomers, trimers, hexamers, and other oligomers with molecular weights of 44–260 kDa.
There are two protein subunits that make up phytocyanin. Therefore, linear tetrapyrrole prosthetic groups (bilin chromophore) carried by each subunit are isomerically distinct and have distinctive double bond arrangements.
How we extract phycocyanin from Spirulina
Following are the process:
- Extract the crude protein from the spirulina by
freezing it for three hours
- To the crude extract, add 80 g/L (w/v) activated
carbon.
- Collect the extract using a vacuum filter with a 0.22
m pore size membrane.
Continued steps:
The yield of C-PC manufacture is 27%, and the total process cost (excluding manpower) is $26.1/kg. 63 percent of the dry biomass that was remaining after C-PC extraction was use to produce bio-crude oil using HTL.
Phycocyanin coloring agent
Phycocyanobilin is an algae-isolated protein that binds pigment and captures light and In China and Japan, phycobilisomes is a common colouring ingredient in dairy and nutritional items such jellies, gums, candies, beverages, and cosmetics.
Moreover Phycocyanobilin is sensitive to light and heat, yet it is a more pure form of blue than gardenia.
Method of purification
By using high pressure and a hexane extraction procedure, phycobilisomes from Spirulina platensis successfully stabilised purify. Because of how fragile this dye is during typical extraction techniques, this was necessary.
This method's purification yield was estimate at 10.2 percent, which is 3 to 5 percent greater than the figure obtain from another common separation technique that uses phosphate buffer. Based on absorbance of 2.104 at 280 nm and 1.912 at 620 nm, the isolated Phycocyanobilin from this technique also displayed the greatest purity of 0.909.
Units of phycocyanin
Lastly Base on SDS-PAGE analysis, it was discover that two phycobilisomes subunits, namely -phycobilisomes (18.4 kDa) and -phycobilisomes (21.3 kDa), remain from the original mixtures after being extract.
This clearly shows that this process can stably extract phycobilisomes and is not impact by extraction solvent, temperature, etc. By comparing the isolated phycocyanin's DPPH (diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging activity, which demonstrated an 83 percent elimination of oxygen free radicals, the stability of the substance was also validate.
Due to its sensitivity to heat treatment and lack of ability to withstand heat without sugars—preferably fructose—uses phycobilisomes's as a colourant are restricted. Additionally, pH settings outside of the 5.0-6.0 range cause its blue hue to fade. Phycocyanins are use in the production of candy, ice cream, and other dairy products.
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by admin | Aug 23, 2021 | Blog
Phycocyanin
Phycocyanin is maybe a filamentous cyanobacterium that's blue-green. It's a pigment-protein complex from the phycobiliprotein family, which comes with allophycocyanin & phycoerythrin. It's water-soluble.
Today we are going to discuss in detail that how Phycocyanin is made & how can we get benefit from using it within different applications
Processing Information
Extraction Processing details which is applicable and include HACCP & CCPS plan
|
CCP1 |
CCP2 |
CCP3 |
CCP4 |
|
Certified Spirulina powder |
Seperation of Solid Liquid |
Spray dying |
Put In storage |
|
Soak Raw Material |
Filtration & Ultra filtration |
Mixing,sieving & packing |
|
|
Breaking the cells of spirulina |
Ultra High speed centrifugation |
Foreign Material detection |
|
Subunits of Phycobiliproteins
- There are two subunits of phycobiliproteins, "Alpha & beta", which have the protein's backbone where one or two tetrapyrrole chromophores are covalently bound.
- Phycocyanin is usually found in the cyanobacteria, which grow nearby hot weather because it can remain stable up to 70 °C, with light-absorbing behaviours at 20 and 70 °C.
- Thermophiles contain a bit different aminoalkanoic acid cycle making them stable under these higher conditions.
- The relative molecular mass is about 30,000 Da.
- The stability of this protein invitro at these temperatures has been disported to be substantially lower.
- Photo-spectral inspection of the protein after 1 min exposure to 65 °C conditions during a purified state demonstrated a 50% loss of tertiary structure.
Making of Phycocyanin
- There are various methods for the production of Phycocyanin, including photoautotrophic, mixotrophic, heterotrophic, & recombinant production.
- Production of Phycocyanin happens where cyanobacteria spread in open ponds in tropical or either subtropical regions, whereas the production of
- Mixotrophic algae grow in the culture where they have the source of organic carbon like glucose.
- Let us have a look at Subunits of Phycocyanin.
Subunits of Phycocyanin
- Phycocyanins are made up of phycocyanobilin as chromophores are specified to C-phycocyanins C-PC.
- The monomer of C-PC contain dissimilar α- and β-polypeptide units (∼20 kDa), containing 1 & 2 phycocyanobilins covalently sure to cysteines at position 84 (α) and 84 and 155 (β)
- The monomers aggregate quickly to make trimers (α,β)3 and hexamers (α,β)6
- The latter is an essential part of the phycobilisomes—a supramolecular assembly of phycobiliproteins in cyanobacteria and algae.
Intro to Phycobiliproteins
Phycobiliproteins are proteins that set up light-harvesting antenna complexes (phycobilisomes) and act as photosynthetic accessory pigments in cyanobacteria and alga (Yan et al., 2010).
They might even be used as storage protein in some algae, deteriorate to provide nitrogen within the absence of nitrogen.
Usage Of Phycocyanin
This natural pigment is primarily used in Japan & China as a colouring agent, and it includes various health benefits like, For instance
- It promotes blood cell growth
- It also Improve immune function
- Make health good enough to fight with various diseases
- And many Other health benefits
Application
Cosmetics
- Dairy products
- Jellies, Gum candies
- Beverages
- Cosmetics
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by admin | Jul 2, 2021 | Blog
Yogurt, which contains phycocyanin, has multiple health benefits. Phycocyanin is a pigment protein having a light blue colour is a natural food colourant that may have a proscriptive effect on yogurt cultures because of having anti-bacterial properties. Everyone likes to have yogurt, but it looks like a pure sky blue colour when mixed with the protein pigment.
Not only about the colour, but It is very beneficial when combined with yogurt as it decreases dehydration, shrinkage & increases colour stability, hardness & bacterium free growth.
It also contains eight types of amino acids that are essential for the human body, which helps to boost metabolism & helps to stop the growth of cancer cells.
The use of the protein pigment complex is effortless; all you need to do is mix it with the bowl of yogurt. This protein pigment is also use in juices, smoothies, oatmeal & energy bars. Use in any form you like.
Mixing with yogurt
When you mix this natural food colourant with yogurt, it has higher protein, fat & dietary fibre. According to research, this food colourant has antioxidant, anti-inflammation, pain relief & protecting brain properties. . It does detoxificiation boost the immune system and also improves the sinus. Phycocyanin has a fishy smell, and some people dislikes it for that, but when you mix it with yogurt or smoothie, the scents fade away. It is widely used, and it can dissolve in water 100% without any particles in the water as this pigment protein is a high-quality plant protein that the body can easily absorb.
However, the natural pigment-protein issue is poor stability when it comes to beverage pigment temperature should be considered dominant in cold drinks.
Avoid direct intense light exposure like the sun; otherwise, the colour will become lighter with time. This superfood is one of the most nutrient-rich food. It is available in powder form. But you also can buy in tablet form. It is your choice what you would try, but both pigments are effective.
Contamination Risk
You have to keep in mind that this food pigment is algae, so the risk of contamination does exist, but you can refrain from contamination by buying this high-quality pigment from authentic & reputable companies to avoid contamination problems.
Buy this pigment from un authentic store may result in various pigment issues & its bad effects so its better to buy from the best food store.
Buying Protein Pigment Complex
Phycocyanin Can be easily purchased from most health food stores & Market, but before buying this, make sure that its organic, which have no additives & is well-sourced.
Making this amazing drink is very simple all you need is yogurt and a blender. You can also put various food according to your need. Put the powder in the yogurt
and mix it well. leave it for 2 minutes ,and you are ready to drink it.
Contamination does also exist, so buy it from the best store you can buy to avoid any kind of problem.
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by admin | Jul 13, 2020 | Blog
Phycocyanin is a key recipe in making blue colored drinks.
Initially, the addition of blue colorants relied on synthetic dyes, which often resulted in allergies or unfavorable taste.
Researchers from Newcastle University found a way of extracting phycocyanin from spirulina. This is by hitting the algae at a specific frequency of light.
The demand for phycocyanin is increasing and more individuals opting for a natural food colorant to artificial colorants.
However, the production of phycocyanin is very costly. The rare blue color is produced due to scattered light and not a pigmentation.
Plants come with a bundle of proteins known as phycocyanin, which is a chemical in nature. It absorbs the long wavelengths of red and orange light colors; splitting them to shorter blue wavelengths.
The phycocyanin pigment is soluble in water and non-toxic to humans, making it an ideal food colorant.
Phycocyanin is also utilized as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant; it has undergone an exponential growth as a food colorant.
How to make blue colored drinks with phycocyanin
The first ingredient required is blue
spirulina, ensure that it's 100% natural free from contamination and unpleasant
taste.
You'll only need a tablespoon or less of
the powder to turn your drink to a blue hue.
Using blue spirulina is cheap as the powder
can be utilized on a daily.
However, if you're using it on foods or beverages that are acidic, the color changes.
Simple Benefits of using phycocyanin
1. For energy and athletes
Phycocyanin comes with incredible benefits for athletes and boosting energy for individuals. This is all thanks to its connection with the erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone produced in the liver and kidney.
When cells contain a low level of oxygen, the body signals the production of EPO, which stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow stem cell.
Hence, more supply of oxygen throughout the body and the rise of mental and physical endurance.
2. Modulation of pain
Another benefit of phycocyanin is the modulation of pain, as it inhibits the cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme that causes inflammation.
This inhibiting occurs due to the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).
According to one double-blind placebo-controlled human study, individuals using phycocyanin, have a significant reduction of chronic pain while resting and when active.
3. Potential treatment for different cancers
Phycocyanin is a potential treatment for different cancers affecting people according to the Journal of Cancer. This is due to phycocyanin ability in blocking the proliferation of cancer cells, and killing of cancer cells.
Phycocyanin also exerts anti-cancer activity by blocking tumor cell cycle, and induction of tumor cell autophagy and apoptosis.
In conclusion
Phycocyanin contains anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
It has also seen exponential growth in its usage as a natural food colorant.
To produce more phycocyanin, researchers have placed the pigment under a diet of red light. This is at a precise spectrum, which forces the algae to maximize production. Thus, resulting in five times blue colorant output with the use of red light long-wavelength.
To make a blue drink, all that is needed is the addition of blue phycocyanin to the drink.
If the drink or food is acidic, it will need more of the blue colorant and change to turn to a desired blue color.
Phycocyanin is not only an ideal natural food colorant, but it also comes packed with a lot of health benefits that a user gets to enjoy.
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