Firstly you need to understand that phycocyanin and phycoerythrin both are photosynthetic pigments, which do have blue and red colors, respectively, and its found in microalgae, cyanobacteria, rhodophytes and cryptomonads.
Their main uses are as food supplements, as natural colouring agents in cosmetics and food, and as a reagent in immunological assays.
However, their low yield during production and restricted chemical instability provide the biggest obstacles to their commercialization and adoption in food and cosmetic applications.
Whats microalgae
A broad group of aquatic microorganisms that can live in a wide range of environments, pH levels,
and temperatures are known as microalgae. Their growth requirements are straightforward, and they efficiently utilise light, carbon dioxide (CO2), and other inorganic nutrients.
To make your concepts clear regarding this read this box below.
Phycocyanin
Phycoerythrin
Along with allophycocyanin and phycoerythrin, phycocyanin is a pigment-protein complex that belongs to the phycobiliprotein family, which captures light.
Red algae include phycoerythrin (PE), a red protein-pigment complex from the family of phycobiliproteins that captures light and cryptophytes
Thus, it is a matching colour to chlorophyll.
Additive to the primary chlorophyll pigments needed for photosynthesis
Also, phycocyanin absorbs orange and red light, especially near 620 nm, and has a distinctive light blue colour.
Also, the prosthetic group phycoerythrobilin is what gives phycoerythrin its red colour.
Blue-green algae, often known as cyanobacteria, contain phycocyanins.
Hence, It is made up of phycobilins, a protein component that covalently binds chromophores like all phycobiliproteins do.
Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and spirulina produce the substance phycocyanin,
Infact, Phycoerythrins are made up of monomers that are often arranged into disk-shaped trimers or hexamers.
In addition, Chlorophyll a and PBP, the two primary photosynthetic pigments, enable cyanobacteria to produce large amounts of organic material and with great photosynthetic efficiency.
However, PBP absorbs light energy at a wavelength of 450–660 nm, whereas chlorophyll does so at a wavelength of 430–680 nm.
Hence, the cyanobacteria's light-harvesting mechanism is greatly influence by the kind and intensity of the light, which has an impact on the accumulation of different photosynthetic pigments.
Strategies to improve pigment stability
Also adding additives is the most effective and straightforward technique to increase the stability of phycobiliproteins.
The majority of research has been on using chemicals to increase their heat stability.
Then this stabilising technique is simple to use and doesn't call for expensive or specialised equipment. However, because significant volumes of chemicals may be require, low toxicity additives must be employ.
What purpose does phycocyanin serve in cyanobacteria
So In addition, an old class of photosynthetic prokaryotes known as cyanobacteriums is regarded to be the first species to perform oxygenic photosynthesis. But only cyanobacteria employ phycocyanin (PC) to absorb light energy for photosynthesis.
Spirulina: Does it include phycocyanin?
So phycocyanin is a pigment in spirulina and it is an intensely blue protein-pigment complex that belongs to the phycobiliprotein (PBP) family. The phycobilisome (PBS), a supplementary peripheral light-harvesting complex assemble on the surface of the thylacoid membrane, is built by PBPs.
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It is true thatcharcoal powder toothpaste, might aid in removing tooth surface stains. Additionally, brushing with Activated carbon can help eliminate tartar and light stains because it is moderately abrasive. However, there is no proof that its dentifrice whitens teeth naturally or has any effect on stains that are underneath the enamel of the teeth.
A level of "cleaning" is achieved when using Activated carbon as instructed, according to all available evidence, and it is safe to use on teeth in small dosages.
The effects of its toothpaste need to be studied more thoroughly. Perhaps you've noticed that there are a few new toothpaste options available. One of the greatest trends right now is Activated carbon toothpaste, which can be purchased in the toothpaste section with your traditional favorites. This popular beauty component is now accessible in retail face washes and masks.
Although Carbo Vegetabilis powder for teeth is a moderate abrasive, it is still far too abrasive for frequent use and could harm the teeth's enamel. Your teeth might appear more yellow and become more sensitive as a result of this.
How we can avoid out enamel from being sensitive
You should definitely use fluoride. Fluoride contributes to solid tooth enamel, which in turn guards against cavities and rotting.
Most of the Activated carbon don’t have fluoride options in it. Staining might happen. The edges of teeth can become grey or black from Activated carbon particles that become lodged in the small gaps. If you undertake this, it can have the exact opposite result of what you want!
Has it long term effects?
The long-term impact on teeth and dental restorations like veneers or bridges is unknown as its use as a toothpaste is still a relatively new trend.
In a nutshell, benefits of using Carbo Vegetabilis toothpaste include
It might aid in removing tooth surface stains.
It might help with bad breath.
When applied infrequently after a professional cleaning, it might prevent discoloration.
The drawbacks of using toothpaste with Activated carbon include
The abrasiveness could weaken the enamel on teeth.
Under-the-enamel stains cannot be cleaned
zero fluoride (which helps prevent cavities and tooth decay).
Older teeth and dental restorations may discolor.
Safety and long-term effects are unknown.
Be cautious if you want to use Activated dentifrices despite how common they are. Although some surface stains may be easier to remove, the long-term effects are still unknown.
Using charcoal in food
Not all forms of vegetable Activated carbon can be use to make food. Vegetable carbon black should have particles that are no larger than 8000 mesh in order to be used in food production.
The mesh number is a measurement of particle size. The particles are finer when the mesh number is higher. Particle sizes for Activated carbon powder used in dentifrice range from 5000 mesh to 3000 mesh, although these meshes cannot be used in food.
Using the unique "bamboo Carbo Vegetabilis C active ions" technique, bamboo Activated carbon dentifrice extracts diamond-grade bamboo Carbo Vegetabilis C active ions from bamboo charcoal under high pressure and temperature. Diamonds (also known as diamonds) are compose of charcoal atoms, much like carbon.
The difference is that diamond has a three-dimensionally networked structure, whereas Superchar has a planar layered structure.
Modern technology and sciences
Because of the difference in structure, even though the ingredients and origin are the same, the performance and value are very different.
By using high temperatures (above 1000 degrees Celsius) and high pressures (900 atmospheres), modern science and technology can turn Superchar into diamond. Specifically, they can break the structural chain of Superchar and open the bonds between its atoms, then they can absorb enough energy to transform it into diamond structure, turning carbon into diamond.
Since bamboo charcoal active C ions, which are extract from bamboo charcoal under high pressure and temperature, make up the majority of bamboo charcoal dentifrice, it is now toothpaste of the highest quality.
Phycocyanin is a pigment in spirulina. Regarding phycocyanin content in spirulina is an intensely blue protein-pigment complex that belongs to the phycobiliprotein (PBP) family. PBPs construct the phycobilisome (PBS), a peripheral auxiliary light-harvesting complex that is put together on the surface of the thylacoid membrane.
Quantity of Phycocyanobilin
Firstly, Phycocyanin is one of the ingredients that could be use. Around 15 to 25 percent of the dry weight of Spirulina platensis' biomass is made of Phycocyanobilin.
Secondly, One of the pigments made by spirulina is phycocyanin. Phycocyanobilin can be see in liquid phase as a mixture of various complexes, including monomers, trimers, hexamers, and other oligomers with molecular weights of 44–260 kDa.
There are two protein subunits that make up phytocyanin. Therefore, linear tetrapyrrole prosthetic groups (bilin chromophore) carried by each subunit are isomerically distinct and have distinctive double bond arrangements.
How we extract phycocyanin from Spirulina
Following are the process:
Extract the crude protein from the spirulina by
freezing it for three hours
To the crude extract, add 80 g/L (w/v) activated
carbon.
Collect the extract using a vacuum filter with a 0.22
m pore size membrane.
Continued steps:
The yield of C-PC manufacture is 27%, and the total process cost (excluding manpower) is $26.1/kg. 63 percent of the dry biomass that was remaining after C-PC extraction was use to produce bio-crude oil using HTL.
Phycocyanin coloring agent
Phycocyanobilin is an algae-isolated protein that binds pigment and captures light and In China and Japan, phycobilisomes is a common colouring ingredient in dairy and nutritional items such jellies, gums, candies, beverages, and cosmetics.
Moreover Phycocyanobilin is sensitive to light and heat, yet it is a more pure form of blue than gardenia.
Method of purification
By using high pressure and a hexane extraction procedure, phycobilisomes from Spirulina platensis successfully stabilised purify. Because of how fragile this dye is during typical extraction techniques, this was necessary.
This method's purification yield was estimate at 10.2 percent, which is 3 to 5 percent greater than the figure obtain from another common separation technique that uses phosphate buffer. Based on absorbance of 2.104 at 280 nm and 1.912 at 620 nm, the isolated Phycocyanobilin from this technique also displayed the greatest purity of 0.909.
Units of phycocyanin
Lastly Base on SDS-PAGE analysis, it was discover that two phycobilisomes subunits, namely -phycobilisomes (18.4 kDa) and -phycobilisomes (21.3 kDa), remain from the original mixtures after being extract.
This clearly shows that this process can stably extract phycobilisomes and is not impact by extraction solvent, temperature, etc. By comparing the isolated phycocyanin's DPPH (diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging activity, which demonstrated an 83 percent elimination of oxygen free radicals, the stability of the substance was also validate.
Due to its sensitivity to heat treatment and lack of ability to withstand heat without sugars—preferably fructose—uses phycobilisomes's as a colourant are restricted. Additionally, pH settings outside of the 5.0-6.0 range cause its blue hue to fade. Phycocyanins are use in the production of candy, ice cream, and other dairy products.
Monascus red is a natural dye made from red yeast rice and extracted using ethanol. Due to its excellent colouring ability and good alcohol-solubility in both water and alcohol, monascus red is frequently used in colouring cooked meat products, cakes, fruit or vegetable juice, protein beverages, carbonated beverages, flavouring beverages (including fruit-flavoured beverages, milk-flavoured beverages, tea beverages, etc.), solid beverages, compound wine, pudding, etc.
A safe and natural pigment Monascus Red is frequently employ in the food industry to raise the calibre of the final product, and the results are excellent.
Whats red yeast rice extract
A chemical known as RYRE is obtain from rice after it has been fermented with a yeast species known as Monascus purpureus. It has long been utilize as a traditional medicine in China and other Asian nations. Additionally, it is employ as a food ingredient, colourant, and preservative.
RYRE naturally includes a number of substances that could lower cholesterol levels. These contain several monacolins, monacolin K being the most significant. Additionally, it contains monounsaturated fatty acids, or "good fats," sterols, and isoflavones.
Best for Health
Red yeast rice, also known as Monascus red, has been consume and use medicinally in China for thousands of years. It is produce by fermenting Monascus purpureus yeast over red rice. Red yeast rice is use in Chinese medicine to decrease cholesterol, enhance blood circulation, and enhance digestion.
Currently employed in the preparation of meat products, monascus pigment is being studied as a potential food ingredient.
The supply is unstable, the production costs are high, and other pigment extraction is constrain by production circumstances and seasons, making it difficult to promote widely. Additionally, because erythromycin is a microbial metabolite and there are few affecting factors, there is a lot of opportunity for effort.
The pigments from Monascus do, however, have issues with safety, sunlight resistance, and water solubility.
When applied to meat products, monascus pigment boosts the added value of the final product. It also works in conjunction with other bacteriostatic agents to improve the effect of red yeast and successfully eradicate its flaws.
The in-depth research on red yeast pigment's ability to successfully replace sodium nitrite and the growing concern about food safety would fiercely encourage the growth of the meat processing sector, produce large economic and social benefits, and improve the food industry.
Plant-based compounds called sterols are known to reduce cholesterol.
Isoflavones are substances regard as phytoestrogens and antioxidants.
Monounsaturated fatty acids are consider "healthy" fats because they can lower cholesterol.
What it's Good For
According to numerous research, red yeast rice lowers high cholesterol. However, the majority of the research have utilise a red yeast rice preparation called Cholestin, which is no longer sold in the United States. Cholestin is still available, however, it is no longer made with red yeast rice. Any red yeast product that contains monacolin must be pull off the market, according to the FDA.
The following research backs up the idea that red yeast rice lowers cholesterol
In one UCLA School of Medicine study, 83 persons with elevated cholesterol participated.
In comparison to those taking a placebo, individuals consuming red yeast rice for a 12-week period showed decreased levels of triglycerides (blood fats), total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol. The levels of HDL ("good") cholesterol remained stable in both research groups.
Red yeast rice reduce LDL cholesterol in a study that was present to the American Heart Association. 187 participants in the study had LDL and total cholesterol values that were mildly to moderately elevate.
According to the study, consuming red yeast rice decreased triglycerides by 24 percent, LDL cholesterol by 21 percent, and total cholesterol by more than 16 percent. Additionally, HDL cholesterol increased by 14%.
Red yeast rice lower cholesterol levels in another 8-week research of 446 patients with elevate cholesterol when compare to placebo.
In the red yeast rice group, triglycerides decreased by 34 percent, LDL decreased by 31 percent, and total cholesterol decreased by 22.7%. The red yeast rice group also experienced a 20% increase in HDL cholesterol.
Dosage
Red yeast rice should be take in doses of 1,200 mg twice daily with food. In trials, participants noticed their cholesterol levels dropping after roughly 12 weeks.
However, every product examined in the research that showed red yeast rice helped lower cholesterol all contained sizable quantities of monacolin K. Monacolin K is regard as a pharmaceutical product by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which has determine that red yeast rice products that include more than trace levels of it are unapprove novel pharmaceuticals and cannot be sold legally as dietary supplements.
Due to this, the red yeast rice nutritional supplements sold in the U.S. have little to no monacolin K content and possibly no effect on blood cholesterol levels.
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