How is Phycocyanin made

How is Phycocyanin made

Phycocyanin

Phycocyanin is maybe a filamentous cyanobacterium that’s blue-green. It’s a pigment-protein complex from the phycobiliprotein family, which comes with allophycocyanin & phycoerythrin. It’s water-soluble.

Today we are going to discuss in detail that how Phycocyanin is made & how can we get benefit from using it within different applications

Processing Information

Extraction Processing details which is applicable and include HACCP & CCPS plan

CCP1 CCP2 CCP3 CCP4
Certified Spirulina powder Seperation of Solid Liquid Spray dying Put In storage
Soak Raw Material Filtration & Ultra filtration Mixing,sieving & packing  
Breaking the cells of spirulina Ultra High speed centrifugation Foreign Material detection  

Subunits of Phycobiliproteins

  • There are two subunits of phycobiliproteins, “Alpha & beta”, which have the protein’s backbone where one or two tetrapyrrole chromophores are covalently bound.
  • Phycocyanin is usually found in the cyanobacteria, which grow nearby hot weather because it can remain stable up to 70 °C, with light-absorbing behaviours at 20 and 70 °C.
  • Thermophiles contain a bit different aminoalkanoic acid cycle making them stable under these higher conditions.
  • The relative molecular mass is about 30,000 Da. 
  • The stability of this protein invitro at these temperatures has been disported to be substantially lower.
  • Photo-spectral inspection of the protein after 1 min exposure to 65 °C conditions during a purified state demonstrated a 50% loss of tertiary structure.

Making of Phycocyanin

  • There are various methods for the production of Phycocyanin, including photoautotrophic, mixotrophic, heterotrophic, & recombinant production.
  • Production of Phycocyanin happens where cyanobacteria spread in open ponds in tropical or either subtropical regions, whereas the production of 
  • Mixotrophic algae grow in the culture where they have the source of organic carbon like glucose.
  • Let us have a look at Subunits of Phycocyanin.

Subunits of Phycocyanin

  • Phycocyanins are made up of phycocyanobilin as chromophores are specified to C-phycocyanins C-PC. 
  • The monomer of C-PC contain dissimilar α- and β-polypeptide units (∼20 kDa), containing 1 & 2 phycocyanobilins covalently sure to cysteines at position 84 (α) and 84 and 155 (β) 
  • The monomers aggregate quickly to make trimers (α,β)3 and hexamers (α,β)6 
  • The latter is an essential part of the phycobilisomes—a supramolecular assembly of phycobiliproteins in cyanobacteria and algae.

Intro to Phycobiliproteins

Phycobiliproteins are proteins that set up light-harvesting antenna complexes (phycobilisomes) and act as photosynthetic accessory pigments in cyanobacteria and alga (Yan et al., 2010).

They might even be used as storage protein in some algae, deteriorate to provide nitrogen within the absence of nitrogen.

Usage Of Phycocyanin

This natural pigment is primarily used in Japan & China as a colouring agent, and it includes various health benefits like, For instance

  • It promotes blood cell growth
  • It also Improve immune function 
  • Make health good enough to fight with various diseases
  • And many Other health benefits

Application

Cosmetics

  • Dairy products
  • Jellies, Gum candies
  • Beverages
  • Cosmetics

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EVERYTHING YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT ORGANIC PHYCOCYANIN

EVERYTHING YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT ORGANIC PHYCOCYANIN

Everything you should know about Organic phycocyanin its a blue pigment protein found in blue-green algae, also known as spirulina. It has been gaining attention in recent years for its potential health benefits and natural properties. Here is everything you need to know about organic phycocyanin

BENEFITS OF ORGANIC PHYCOCYANIN

  1. Anti-Inflammatory Properties: Organic phycocyanin has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties, which can help reduce inflammation and alleviate pain in conditions such as arthritis.
  2. Antioxidant Properties: Organic phycocyanin is a potent antioxidant, which means it can protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. This can lower the risk of developing chronic illnesses like cancer and heart disease.
  3. Immune System Boost: Organic phycocyanin can help boost the immune system by increasing the production of white blood cells, which help fight off infections.
  4. Detoxification: Organic phycocyanin can aid in the detoxification process by binding to heavy metals and other toxins in the body and helping to eliminate them.

USES OF ORGANIC PHYCOCYANIN

  1. Natural Food Coloring: Organic phycocyanin can be use as a natural food coloring agent in a variety of products such as ice cream, yogurt, and smoothies.
  2. Dietary Supplement: Organic phycocyanin can be taken as a dietary supplement to boost the immune system and promote overall health.
  3. Cosmetic Ingredient: Organic phycocyanin can be use in cosmetics as a natural colorant and for its antioxidant properties.
  4. Research Purposes: Organic phycocyanin is also use in research to study its potential health benefits and properties.

HOW TO CHOOSE THE RIGHT ORGANIC PHYCOCYANIN

  1. Organic Certification: Look for organic phycocyanin that has been certified organic by a reputable organization to ensure it is free from harmful chemicals and pesticides.
  2. Purity: Choose a product that is pure and free from contaminants.
  3. Quality: Look for a product that is made from high-quality, organic spirulina to ensure the highest quality and potency.
  4. Source: Choose a product that is source from a reputable manufacturer with a track record of producing high-quality products.

Here are some frequently aske questions about organic phycocyanin along with their answers:

HOW CAN ORGANIC PHYCOCYANIN BE CONSUMED?

Organic phycocyanin can be consume as a dietary supplement or use as a natural food coloring agent in products such as ice cream, yogurt, and smoothies.

IS ORGANIC PHYCOCYANIN SAFE TO CONSUME?

Organic phycocyanin is generally consider safe to consume when taken in recommended amounts. However, individuals with certain medical conditions or allergies should consult with a healthcare professional before taking any new supplement

WHERE CAN I BUY ORGANIC PHYCOCYANIN?

Organic phycocyanin can be purchase from health food stores, online retailers, and supplement companies. When buying organic phycocyanin, look for a reputable manufacturer with a track record of producing high-quality products.Top of Form

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Phycocyanin and Phycoerythrin

Phycocyanin and Phycoerythrin

Firstly you need to understand that phycocyanin and phycoerythrin both are photosynthetic pigments, which do have blue and red colors, respectively, and its found in microalgae, cyanobacteria, rhodophytes and cryptomonads. 

Their main uses are as food supplements, as natural colouring agents in cosmetics and food, and as a reagent in immunological assays.

However, their low yield during production and restricted chemical instability provide the biggest obstacles to their commercialization and adoption in food and cosmetic applications.

Whats microalgae

A broad group of aquatic microorganisms that can live in a wide range of environments, pH levels,

and temperatures are known as microalgae. Their growth requirements are straightforward, and they efficiently utilise light, carbon dioxide (CO2), and other inorganic nutrients.

How do we understand Phycocyanin and Phycoerythrin differences

To make your concepts clear regarding this read this box below.

PhycocyaninPhycoerythrin
Along with allophycocyanin and phycoerythrin, phycocyanin is a pigment-protein complex that belongs to the phycobiliprotein family, which captures light.Red algae include phycoerythrin (PE), a red protein-pigment complex from the family of phycobiliproteins that captures light and cryptophytes
Thus, it is a matching colour to chlorophyll.Additive to the primary chlorophyll pigments needed for photosynthesis
Also, phycocyanin absorbs orange and red light, especially near 620 nm, and has a distinctive light blue colour.Also, the prosthetic group phycoerythrobilin is what gives phycoerythrin its red colour.
Blue-green algae, often known as cyanobacteria, contain phycocyanins.Hence, It is made up of phycobilins, a protein component that covalently binds chromophores like all phycobiliproteins do.
Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and spirulina produce the substance phycocyanin,Infact, Phycoerythrins are made up of monomers that are often arranged into disk-shaped trimers or hexamers.

Techniques to enhance the yield of phycocyanin and phycoerythrin

In addition, Chlorophyll a and PBP, the two primary photosynthetic pigments, enable cyanobacteria to produce large amounts of organic material and with great photosynthetic efficiency.

However, PBP absorbs light energy at a wavelength of 450–660 nm, whereas chlorophyll does so at a wavelength of 430–680 nm.

 Hence, the cyanobacteria’s light-harvesting mechanism is greatly influence by the kind and intensity of the light, which has an impact on the accumulation of different photosynthetic pigments.

Strategies to improve pigment stability

Also adding additives is the most effective and straightforward technique to increase the stability of phycobiliproteins.

The majority of research has been on using chemicals to increase their heat stability.

Then this stabilising technique is simple to use and doesn’t call for expensive or specialised equipment. However, because significant volumes of chemicals may be require, low toxicity additives must be employ.

What purpose does phycocyanin serve in cyanobacteria

So In addition, an old class of photosynthetic prokaryotes known as cyanobacteriums is regarded to be the first species to perform oxygenic photosynthesis. But only cyanobacteria employ phycocyanin (PC) to absorb light energy for photosynthesis.

Spirulina: Does it include phycocyanin?

So phycocyanin is a pigment in spirulina and it is an intensely blue protein-pigment complex that belongs to the phycobiliprotein (PBP) family. The phycobilisome (PBS), a supplementary peripheral light-harvesting complex assemble on the surface of the thylacoid membrane, is built by PBPs.

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How much phycocyanin content in spirulina

How much phycocyanin content in spirulina

Phycocyanin is a pigment in spirulina. Regarding phycocyanin content in spirulina is an intensely blue protein-pigment complex that belongs to the phycobiliprotein (PBP) family. PBPs construct the phycobilisome (PBS), a peripheral auxiliary light-harvesting complex that is put together on the surface of the thylacoid membrane.

Quantity of Phycocyanobilin

 Firstly, Phycocyanin is one of the ingredients that could be use. Around 15 to 25 percent of the dry weight of Spirulina platensis’ biomass is made of Phycocyanobilin.

Secondly, One of the pigments made by spirulina is phycocyanin. Phycocyanobilin can be see in liquid phase as a mixture of various complexes, including monomers, trimers, hexamers, and other oligomers with molecular weights of 44–260 kDa.

There are two protein subunits that make up phytocyanin. Therefore, linear tetrapyrrole prosthetic groups (bilin chromophore) carried by each subunit are isomerically distinct and have distinctive double bond arrangements.

How we extract phycocyanin from Spirulina

Following are the process: 

  • Extract the crude protein from the spirulina by freezing it for three hours
  • To the crude extract, add 80 g/L (w/v) activated carbon.
  • Collect the extract using a vacuum filter with a 0.22 m pore size membrane.
Continued steps: 

The yield of C-PC manufacture is 27%, and the total process cost (excluding manpower) is $26.1/kg. 63 percent of the dry biomass that was remaining after C-PC extraction was use to produce bio-crude oil using HTL.

Phycocyanin coloring agent

Phycocyanobilin is an algae-isolated protein that binds pigment and captures light and In China and Japan, phycobilisomes is a common colouring ingredient in dairy and nutritional items such jellies, gums, candies, beverages, and cosmetics.

Moreover Phycocyanobilin is sensitive to light and heat, yet it is a more pure form of blue than gardenia.

Method of purification

By using high pressure and a hexane extraction procedure, phycobilisomes from Spirulina platensis successfully stabilised purify. Because of how fragile this dye is during typical extraction techniques, this was necessary.

This method’s purification yield was estimate at 10.2 percent, which is 3 to 5 percent greater than the figure obtain from another common separation technique that uses phosphate buffer. Based on absorbance of 2.104 at 280 nm and 1.912 at 620 nm, the isolated Phycocyanobilin from this technique also displayed the greatest purity of 0.909.

Units of phycocyanin

Lastly Base on SDS-PAGE analysis, it was discover that two phycobilisomes subunits, namely -phycobilisomes (18.4 kDa) and -phycobilisomes (21.3 kDa), remain from the original mixtures after being extract.

This clearly shows that this process can stably extract phycobilisomes and is not impact by extraction solvent, temperature, etc. By comparing the isolated phycocyanin’s DPPH (diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging activity, which demonstrated an 83 percent elimination of oxygen free radicals, the stability of the substance was also validate.

Due to its sensitivity to heat treatment and lack of ability to withstand heat without sugars—preferably fructose—uses phycobilisomes’s as a colourant are restricted. Additionally, pH settings outside of the 5.0-6.0 range cause its blue hue to fade. Phycocyanins are use in the production of candy, ice cream, and other dairy products.

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Phycocyanin

Phycocyanin

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